Tabriz University of Medical Sciences Medical Journal of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences 2783-2031 48 4 2026 10 01 Challenges and perspectives of non-invasive brain stimulation in the management of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: need for rethinking the efficacy 303 308 10.34172/mj.026.35521 EN Shahrokh Amiri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2804-1827 Masumeh Nori https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2804-1827 EDITORIAL 10.34172/mj.026.35521 2026 09 13 2026 09 19 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) requires comprehensive and carefully tailored therapeutic approaches. Although pharmacotherapy is effective and considered the first-line treatment, it has notable limitations owing to its non-specific effects on the nervous system and the potential for adverse effects and drug tolerance. Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS), which selectively targets neural circuits, has emerged as a novel alternative intervention. Evidence suggests that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is effective in improving the core symptoms of ADHD. By contrast, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) primarily improves inhibitory control and reduces impulsive behaviours. However, the absence of a significant dose–response relationship, together with heterogeneity in study findings, indicates that these methods require more precise tailoring to patients’ clinical profiles. This article examines the mechanisms, targeting strategies, and challenges associated with the clinical application of NIBS in patients with ADHD.